Carnegie contacted President Theodore Roosevelt and declared his readiness to endow the new institution with $10 million. 1902Īndrew Carnegie founded and endowed the Carnegie Institution of Washington (since 2007 the Carnegie Institution for Science), an independent research organization that would increase basic scientific knowledge. He wonders how plants could possibly manage in such heat and aridity. Coville visits Death Valley and is intrigued by its varied plant life ( Science 20:342). The Carnegie Desert Botanical Laboratory 1891įrederick V. Mary's Hospital at the foot of Tumamoc Hill. Railroad executives appeal to the bishop of Arizona for a hospital in Tucson. The Southern Pacific Railroad reaches Tucson. An inscribed graffiti from 1862 or 1863 on a rocky outcrop on a west-side bench records the name of a soldier in Company C, 32nd Infantry. Soon, Tucsonans begin quarrying Tumamoc’s basalt begins and use the native rock for building homes, walls, and other structures. Late 1850s–early 1860sĬattle grazing begins on and around Tumamoc Hill goats, burros and horses also graze freely. Hugo O’Conor establishes El Presidio de Tucson east of the Santa Cruz River. The Mission San Agustín del Tucson is established on the west bank of the Santa Cruz River near Tumamoc Hill. Extensive Hohokam farming was undertaken at the base of the Hill, including extensive agave fields, on the plain now to the southeast of Anklam and Greasewood roads. The largest Hohokam village in the immediate vicinity of Tumamoc Hill continued to be where St. Tumamoc Hill was surrounded by Hohokam villages, but the Hill itself was not occupied. Hohokam culture matured, flourishing in the Sonoran Desert, and then faded during this period. No other known Tortolita phase settlement is on a hilltop, and no other is surrounded by massive stone walls. The setting of the Tumamoc Hill village is unique, at least within the limits of current knowledge. Archeological evidence suggests that a large village was built atop Tumamoc Hill. Settlements shifted from the floodplain to adjacent river terraces and many other settings. Tortolita phase This time period is considered by some researchers to mark the beginning of Hohokam culture. The trincheras, volcanic stone walls that encircle the top of the hill and the upper slopes and stretch a cumulative 2.3 km, were built during this period, making them the earliest known public architecture in Arizona. and 50 A.D.Įarly Agricultural (previously labeled the Late Archaic) A village site was constructed on the mesa at the top of Tumamoc Hill about 2,500 years ago. This date makes the Tumamoc Hill and the adjacent area the longest continuously inhabited site in the United States. The region has been inhabited in historical times by the Pima and the Tohono O'Odham, although it is not entirely clear that the Hohokam were ancestral to either group.Middle Archaic Multiple radiocarbon dates consistently show that the earliest maize was cultivated 4,100 years ago in the Tucson valley at the base of Setinel Peak (A Mountain) and Tumamoc Hill along the flood banks of the Santa Cruz River. Debate persists regarding the fate of the Hohokam. Most archaeologists agree, however, that Hohokam culture evolved from local archaic antecedents (see Americas, antiquity and prehistory of the). Evidence also shows that they maintained extensive trade connections with groups further south, leading to speculation that the Hohokam settlements were founded by Mesoamerican migrants. Many architectural features of Hohokam settlements, including sunken ball-courts and pyramidal mounds, bear striking similarities to structures common among contemporary populations in central Mexico. They are noted for their extensive irrigation systems, with canals over 10 mi (16 km) long that channeled water to agricultural fields in an otherwise arid and inhospitable environment. Hohokam (hōˈhōkămˌ, hōhōˈkəm), term denoting the culture of the ancient agricultural populations inhabiting the Salt and Gila river valleys of S Arizona (A.D.
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